Chapter 14

Enterprise Computing 

Objectives:- 
*Discuss the special information requirements of an enterprise-         sized corporation.
*Identify information systems and software used in the functional     units of an enterprise.
*Describe and list general purpose and integrated information           systems used throughout an enterprise.
*Describe and list types of technologies used throughout an               enterprise.
*Describe virtualization, cloud computing, and grid computing.
*Discuss the computer hardware needs and solutions for an               enterprise.
*Discuss high availability, scalability, and interoperability.
*Determine why computer backup is important and how it is             accomplished.
*Discuss the steps in a disaster recovery plan.

Enterprise Computing:- 
>Enterprise computing involves the use of computers in networks,     such as LANs and WANs, or a series of interconnected networks     that encompass a variety of different operating systems, protocols,   and network architectures.
  *Retail.
  *Manufacturing.
  *Service.
  *Wholesale.
  *Government.
  *Educational.
  *Transportation.
>In an enterprise, users typically fall into one of four categories

>Enterprise information is the information gathered in the ongoing   operations of an enterprise-sized organization.

  *Business intelligence.

  *Business process management.

  *Business process automation.

>Managers coordinate resources by performing four activities:-

*Planning -> Organizing -> Leading -> Controlling.

Information System in the Enterprise:- 

>An information system is a set of hardware, software, data,               people, and procedures that work together to produce information.

>Accounting software manages everyday transactions

  Billing software helps the company reconcile purchases with           customer payments.

>Financial software helps managers budget, forecast, and analyze.

>A human resources information system (HRIS) manages one or        more human resources functions.

>Employee relationship management systems manage                        communication between employees and the business.

>Computer-aided design (CAD) uses a computer and special              software to aid in engineering, drafting, and design.

>Computer-aided engineering (CAE) uses computers to test                product designs.

>Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computers to    control production equipment.

>Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) uses computers to            integrate the many different operations of the manufacturing            process.

>Material Requirements Planning (MRP) uses software to help          monitor and control processes related to production.

>Manufacturing Resource Planning II (MRP II) is an extension of      MRP and also includes software that helps in scheduling.

>Sales force automation (SFA) software equips traveling sales           people with the electronic tools they need to be more productive.

>Customer interaction management (CIM) software manages the        day-to-day interactions with customers.

Enterprise-Wide Technologies and Methodologies:-

>Some technologies used in enterprises include:-

  *Portals.

  *Data warehouses.

  *Electronic data interchange.

  *Extranets.

  *Web services.

  *Document management systems.

  *Workflow.

  *Virtual private networks.

>A portal is a collection of links, content, and services presented on    a Web page that are interesting for a particular job function.

>A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and manages the     data required to analyze historical and current transactions.

>Web services allow businesses to create products and B2B                interactions over the Internet.

>In a service-oriented architecture, information systems provide         services to other information systems in a well-defined manner       over a network.

>A document management system (DMS) allows for storage and       management of a company’s documents.

  *stored in a repository.

>A workflow is a defined process that identifies the specific set of     steps involved in completing a particular project or business             process.

>A virtual private network (VPN) provides mobile users, vendors,     and customers with a secure connection to the company network     server.

Virtualization and Cloud Computing:-

>Server virtualization

*Provides the capability to divide a physical server logically into       many virtual servers.

>Storage virtualization

*Provides the capability to create a single logical storage device         from many physical storage devices.

>Cloud computing is an Internet service that provides computing       needs to computer users.

E-Commerce:- 

Enterprise Hardware:- 

>Enterprise hardware allows large organizations to manage and          store information and data using devices geared for:-

  *Heavy use.

  *Maximum availability.

  *Maximum efficiency.

>RAID duplicates data and implements duplication in different         ways.

>Network attached storage (NAS) is a server that provides storage      to users and information systems attached to the network.

>A storage area network (SAN) is a high-speed network that             provides storage to other servers to which it is attached.

>An enterprise storage system is a strategy that focuses on the           availability, protection, organization, and backup of storage in a       company.

>Goal is to consolidate storage.

High Availability,Scalability and Interoperability:- 

>A high-availability system continues running and performing           tasks for at least 99 percent of the time.

>Scalability is a measure of how well computer hardware,                 software, or an information system can grow to meet increasing      performance demands.

>Interoperability is the ability for an information system to share       information with other information systems within an enterprise.

Summary:- 

*Special computing requirements present in an enterprise-sized         organization.

*Various types of users within an organization.

*Large information systems.

*Benefits of virtualization and cloud computing.

*Requirements for enterprise hardware.

*Backup procedures present in a large organization.

t

Chapter 13

Computer Programs and Programming Languages  

Objectives:-
*Differentiate between machine and assembly languages.
*Identify and discuss the purpose of procedural programming             languages, and describe the features of C and COBOL.
*Identify and discuss the characteristics of these object-oriented         programming languages and program development tools.
*Identify the uses of other programming languages and program       development tools.
*Describe various ways to develop Web pages.
*Identify the uses of popular multimedia authoring programs.
*List the six steps in the program development life cycle.
*Differentiate between structured design and object-oriented design
*Explain the basic control structures and design tools used in             designing solutions to programming problems.

Computer Programs and Programming Languages:- 

>A computer program is a series of instructions that directs a             computer to perform tasks.

 *created by a programmer using a programming language.

Low Level Languages:- 

*Machine language is the first generation of programming                 languages.

*Only language the computer directly recognizes.

*Assembly language is the second generation of programming           languages.

*Programmer writes instructions using  symbolic instruction codes.

*A source program contains the code to be converted to machine       language.

Procedural Languages :-

>In a procedural language, the programmer writes instructions that   tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it.

 *Third-generation language (3GL).

>The C programming language is used to write many of today’s          programs.

>COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) is designed for   business applications, but easy to read because of the English-like   statements.

Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools :- 

>An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows                 programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing objects

>Other advantages include:-

  *Objects can be reused.

  *Programmers create applications faster.

  *Work well in a RAD environment.

  *Most program development tools are IDEs.

>Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by        Sun Microsystems.

>The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler converts the bytecode into               machine-dependent code.

>The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any type of                program to run on the Internet or an internal business network, as    well as computers and mobile devices.

>C++ is an extension of the C programming language.

>C# is based on C++ and was developed by Microsoft.

>F# combines the benefits of an object-oriented language with            those of a functional language.

>PowerBuilder is a powerful program development RAD tool.

>Best suited for Web-based, .NET, and large-scale enterprise              object-oriented applications.

Other Programming Languages and Development Tools:-

>A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a nonprocedural language     that enables users and programmers to access data in a database.

  *one popular 4GL is SQL.

>An application generator is a program that creates source code or     machine code from a specification of the required functionality.

  *often bundled as part of a DBMS.

>A macro is a series of statements that instructs an application how   to complete a task.

>You usually create the macro in one of two ways:

  *Record the macro with a macro recorder.

  *Write the macro.

Web Page Development:- 

>HTML is a special formatting language that programmers use to     format documents for display on the Web.

>XHTML is a markup language that allows Web sites to be               displayed more easily on mobile devices.

>XML allows Web developers to create customized tags and use       predefined tags to display content appropriately on various               devices.

*WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages for                 microbrowsers.

>Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM.

>Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or ActiveX controls     using a variety of languages:-

   *JavaScript.

   *Perl.

   *PHP.

   *Rexx.

   *Tcl.

   *VBScript.

>Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for users to:-

  *Share personal information.

  *Allow users to modify Web site content.

  *Have application software built into the site.

>Web page authoring software can create sophisticated Web pages      that include images, video, audio, animation, and other effects.

Multimedia Program Development:-

>Multimedia authoring software allows programmers to combine       text, graphics, animation, audio, and video in an interactive             presentation.

Program Development:- 

>Program development consists of a series of steps programmers       use to build computer programs.

Step 1-Analyze Requirements 

>To initiate program development, programmer:-

  *Reviews the requirements.

  *Meets with the systems analyst and users.

  *Identifies input, processing, and output.

   -IPO chart.

Step 2-Design Solution

>Design a solution algorithm.

>In structured design, the programmer typically begins with a           general design and moves toward a more detailed design.

>Programmers use a hierarchy chart to show program modules           graphically.

>With object-oriented (OO) design, the programmer packages the      data and the program into a single object.

   *Encapsulation.

>The sequence control structure shows one or more actions               following each other in order.

>The selection control structure tells the program which action to       take, based on a certain condition.

>A program flowchart graphically shows the logic in a solution         algorithm.

>Flowcharting software makes it easy to modify and update               flowcharts.

   *SmartDraw.

   *Visio.

>Pseudocode uses a condensed form of English to convey program   logic.

Step 3-Validating Design

>Check for logic errors using test data

Step 4-Implement Design

>Implementation of the design includes using a program                     development tool that assists the programmer by:

-Generating or providing some or all code.

-Writing the code that translates the design into a computer                 program.

-Creating the user interface.

>Extreme programming is a strategy where programmers                   immediately begin coding and testing solutions as soon as               requirements are defined.

Step 5-Test Solution

>Errors include syntax errors and logic errors.

>Debugging the program involves removing the bugs.

>A beta is a program that has most or all of its features and                 functionality implemented.

Step 6-Document Solution

>In documenting the solution, the programmer performs two             activities.

   *Review the program code

   *Review all the documentation

Summary:-

*Various programming languages used to create computer                  programs.

*A variety of Web development and multimedia development tools.

*Steps in the program development life cycle and tools used to           make this process efficient.

Chapter 12

Information System Development :- 

Objectives:- 
*Define system development and list the system development           phases.
*Identify the guidelines for system development.
*Discuss the importance of project management, feasibility               assessment, documentation, and data and information gathering       techniques.
*Explain the activities performed in the planning phase.
*Discuss the purpose of the activities performed in the analysis         phase.

*Describe the various tools used in process modeling.
*Describe the various tools used in object modeling.
*Explain the activities performed in the design phase.
*Recognize the develop programs activity is part of system               development.
*Discuss the activities performed in the implementation phase.
*Discuss the purpose of the activities performed in the operation,       support, and security phase.

What is System Development:- 
>System development is a set of activities used to build an                 information system.
>A system is a set of components that interact to achieve a                 common goal.
>An information system (IS) is a collection of hardware, software,   data, people, and procedures that work together to produce quality   information.
>System development activities are grouped into phases,                   collectively called the system development life cycle (SDLC).
>Project management is the process of planning, scheduling, and     then controlling the activities during system development
>To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the project leader              identifies:-
  *Project scope.
  *Required activities.
  *Time estimates for each activity.
  *Cost estimates for each activity.
  *Order of activities.

  *Activities that can take place at the same time.

>Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the development of a           system will be to the organization.

>During system development, members of the project team gather     data and information using several techniques:-

  *Review documentation.

  *Observe.

  *Survey.

  *Interview.

  *JAD Sessions.

  *Research.

Planning Phase:- 

>The planning phase for a project begins when the steering                  committee receives a project request.

>Four major activities are performed:-

  *Review and approve the project requests.

  *Prioritize the project requests.

  *Allocate resources.

  *Form a project development team.

Analysis Phase:-

>The analysis phase consists of two major activities:-

Conduct a preliminary investigation

*Determines and defines the exact nature of the problem or               improvement.

*Interview the user who submitted the request.

Perform detailed analysis

*Study how the current system works.

*Determine the users’ wants, needs, and requirements.

*Recommend a solution.

>Process modeling (structured analysis and design) is an analysis        and design technique that describes processes that transform            inputs into outputs.

>An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a tool that graphically       shows the connections among entities in a system.

>Entities are objects in the system that have data.

>A data flow diagram (DFD) is a tool that graphically shows the       flow of data in a system

  *Data flows.

  *Processes.

  *Data stores.

  *Sources.

>The project dictionary contains all the documentation and                  deliverables of a project.

>Structured English is a style of writing that describes the steps in a    process.

>A decision table is a table that lists a variety of conditions and the   actions that correspond to each condition.

>A decision tree also shows conditions and actions, but it shows       them graphically.

>The data dictionary stores the data item’s name, description, and      other details about each data item.

>UML (Unified Modeling Language) has been adopted as a               standard notation for object modeling and development.

  *UML includes 13 different diagrams

  *Two diagrams include:-

    -Use case diagram.

    *graphically shows how actors (users) interact with the                       information system.

    -Class diagram.

   *graphically shows classes and subclasses in a system.

>The system proposal assesses the feasibility of each alternative        solution.

>The steering committee discusses the system proposal and decides    which alternative to pursue.

Design Phase :- 

>The design phase consists of two major activities.

  *Acquire hardware and software.

  *Develop all of the details of the new or modified information           system.

Implementation Phase :- 

>The purpose of the implementation phase is to construct the new      or modified system and then deliver it.

>Various tests should be performed on the new system.

Unit test

*verifies that each individual program or object works by itself

Systems test

*verifies that all programs in an application work together properly

Integration test

*verifies that an application works with other applications

Acceptance test

*checks the new system to ensure that it works with actual data.

>Training involves showing users exactly how they will use the          new hardware and software in the system:-

*One-on-one sessions.

*Classroom-style lectures.

*Web-based training.

>One or more of four conversion strategies can be used to change      from the old system to the new system.

Operation,Support and Security Phases:- 

>The purpose of the operation, support, and security phase is to          provide ongoing assistance for an information system and its            users after the system is implemented.

Perform maintenance activities -> Monitor system performance ->

Assess system security.

>A computer security plan should do the following:-

  *Identify all information assets of an organization.

  *Identify all security risks that may cause an information asset           loss.

  *For each risk, identify the safeguards that exist to detect, prevent,     and recover from a loss.

Summary :-

*System development phases.

*Guidelines for system development.

*Activities that occur during system development.

*Activities performed during each system development phase.

Chapter 11

Manage Computing Securely,Safely and Ethically 

Objectives :-
*Define the term, computer security risks, and briefly describe the     types of cybercrime perpetrators.
*Describe various types of Internet and network attacks, and             identify ways to safeguard against these attacks.
*Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and     use.
*Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism.
*Explain the ways software manufacturers protect against software   piracy.

*Discuss how encryption works, and explain why it is necessary.
*Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from   system failure.
*Explain the options available for backing up computer resources.
*Identify risks and safeguards associated with wireless                       communications.
*Recognize issues related to information accuracy, intellectual           property rights, codes of conduct, and green computing.
*Discuss issues surrounding information privacy.

Computer Security Risks:-
>A computer security risk is any event or action that could cause a     loss of or damage to computer hardware, software, data,                   information, or processing capability.

>A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act.
  *Hackers.
  *Crackers.
  *Script Kiddies.
  *Corporate Spies.
  *Unethical Employees.
  *Cyberextortionists.

  *Cyberterrorists.

Internet and Network Attacks:- 
>Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of           security risk than information kept on an organization’s premises.
>An online security service is a Web site that evaluates your               computer to check for Internet and e-mail vulnerabilities.
Computer Virus
*Affects a computer negatively by altering the way the computer       works.
Worm
*Copies itself repeatedly, using up resources and possibly shutting     down the computer or network.
Trojan Horse
*A malicious program that hides within or looks like a legitimate       program.
Rootkit
*Program that hides in a computer and allows someone from a      remote location to take full control.


>Users can take several precautions to protect their home and work   computers and mobile devices from these malicious infections.

>A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a         network
*a compromised computer is known as a zombie

>A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access     to Internet services.
*distributed DoS (DDoS)
>A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that     allow users to bypass security controls.
>Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or         Internet transmission appear legitimate.
>A firewall is hardware and/or software that protects a network’s       resources from intrusion.

Unauthorized Access and Use:- 
>Unauthorized access is the use of a computer or network                 without permission.
>Unauthorized use is the use of a computer or its data for                 unapproved or possibly illegal activities.
>Access controls define who can access a computer, when they can   access it, and what actions they can take.
*Two-phase processes called identification and authentication
*User name
*Password
*Passphrase
*CAPTCHA

Hardware Theft and Hardware Vandalism:-
>Hardware theft is the act of stealing computer equipment.

>Hardware vandalism is the act of defacing or destroying                 computer equipment.
>To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use   a variety of security measures.
  *Physical access controls.
  *Alarm systems.
  *Cables to lock equipment.
  *Real time location system.

  *Passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics.

Software Theft:- 
>Software theft occurs when someone:-
*Steals software media.
*Intentionally erases programs.
*Illegally copies a program.

*Illegally registers and/or activates a program.
>Copying, loaning, borrowing, renting, or distributing software can   be a violation of copyright law.
>Some software requires product activation to function fully.

Information Theft:- 

>Information theft occurs when someone steals personal or                 confidential information.
>Encryption is a process of converting readable data into                   unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access.
>A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, Web site, or   organization attaches to an electronic message to verify the               identity of the sender.
*often used to ensure that an impostor is not participating in an         Internet transaction.
>Web browsers and Web sites use encryption techniques.
>Popular security techniques include:-
*Digital Certificates.
*Transport Layer Security (TLS).
*Secure HTTP.
*VPN.

System Failure:- 
>A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a computer
>A variety of factors can lead to system failure, including:-
*Aging hardware.
*Natural disasters.
*Electrical power problems.
*Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages.
*Errors in computer programs.
>Two ways to protect from system failures caused by electrical         power variations include surge protectors and uninterruptable           power supplies (UPS).

Backing-Up:-
>A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk that can be used   if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed.
*to back up a file means to make a copy of it
>Offsite backups are stored in a location separate from the                 computer site.
*cloud storage.

Wireless Security:-
>Wireless access poses additional security risks
  *about 80 percent of wireless networks have no security                     protection.
>War driving allows individuals to detect wireless networks while      driving a vehicle through the area.

Ethics and Society:-
>Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of       computers and information systems.
>Information accuracy is a concern
*not all information on the Web is correct.
>Green computing involves reducing the electricity and                     environmental waste while using a computer.

>Information privacy refers to the right of individuals and                 companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information   about them.

>Huge databases store data online.

>It is important to safeguard your information.

Summary:-

*Potential computer risks and safeguards.

*Wireless security risks and safeguards.

*Computer-related health issues and preventions.

*Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual             property rights, codes of conduct, green computing, and                   information privacy.

.

s how encr                yption works, and explain why it is necessary

Chapter 10

Managing a Database:-

Objectives:- 
>Define the term, database, and explain how a database interacts       with data and information.
>Define the term, data integrity, and describe the qualities of             valuable information.
>Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file.
>Describe file maintenance techniques and validation techniques.

>Differentiate between a file processing approach and the database   approach.
>Discuss the functions common to most database management           systems.
>Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and                 multidimensional databases.
>Explain how to access Web databases.
>Identify database design guidelines and discuss the                           responsibilities of database analysts and administrators.

Databases,Data and Information:-
Database
>Collection of data organized in a manner that allows access,             retrieval, and use of that data.
Data
>Collection of unprocessed items
*Text *Numbers *Images *Audio *Video
Information
>Processed data 
*Documents *Audio *Images *Video


>Database software, often called a database management system       (DBMS), allows users to:

*Create a computerized database.

*Add, modify, and delete data.

*Sort and retrieve data.

*Create forms and reports from the data.

>Data integrity identifies the quality of the data.

>Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the accuracy of a           computer’s output depends on the accuracy of the input.

>Valuable information should have the following characteristics:-

*Accurate.

*Verifiable.

*Timely.

*Organized.

*Accessible.

*Useful.

*Cost-effective.

Hierarchy of Data:- 

>A character is one byte.

*numbers, letters, space, punctuation marks, or other symbols

>A field is a combination of one or more related characters.

*Field name.

*Field size.

*Data type.

Maintaining Data :- 

>File maintenance refers to the procedures that keep data current.

*Adding records.

*Modifying records.

*Deleting records.

>Validation compares data with a set of rules or values to find out if    the data is correct.

File Processing versus Databases:- 

File processing system

*Each department has its own set of files.

*Used for many years.

*Have data redundancy.

*Isolate data.

Database approach

*Programs and users share data.

*Reduce data redundancy.

*Improve data integrity.

*Share data.

*Allows easier access.

*Reduces development time.

*Can be more vulnerable.

Database Management Systems:- 

>A data dictionary contains data about each file in the database and   each field in those files.

>A DBMS provides several tools that allow users and programs to     retrieve and maintain data in the database.

>A query language consists of simple, English-like statements that     allow users to specify the data to display, print, or store.

>Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist users with           retrieving data.

>A form is a window on the screen that provides areas for entering   or modifying data in a database.

>A report generator allows users to design a report on the screen,       retrieve data into the report design, and then display or print the       report.

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases:- 

>A data model consists of rules and standards that define how the     database organizes data.

>A relational database stores data in tables that consist of rows and   columns.

  *Each row has a primary key.

  *Each column has a unique name.

>A relationship is a link within the data.

>Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query language that allows   users to manage, update, and retrieve data.

>An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data in objects

>Examples of applications appropriate for an object-oriented             database include:-

   *Multimedia database.

   *Groupware database.

   *Computer-aided design database.

   *Hypertext database.

>A multidimensional database can store data in more than two           dimensions of data.

*Sometimes known as a hypercube.

*Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database.

>A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and manages the     data required to analyze historical and current transactions.

Database Administration :-

>Employees should learn how to use the data in the database             effectively.

*Interact with database.

*Identify new data for the database.

*Maintain the database.

Summary :-

*How data and information are valuable assets to an organization.

*Methods for maintaining high-quality data.

*Assessing the quality of valuable information.

*Advantages of organizing data in a database.

*Various types of databases.

*Roles of the database analysts and administrators.

Chapter 8

Types of Storage :- 

Objectives :-

>Differentiate between storage devices and storage media.
>Describe the characteristics of an internal hard disk including           capacity, platters, read/write heads, cylinders, sectors and tracks,     revolutions per minute, transfer rate, and access time.
>Discuss the purpose of network attached storage devices, external   and removable hard disks, and hard disk controllers.

>Describe the various types of flash memory storage.
>Describe cloud storage and explain its advantages.
>Describe the characteristics of optical discs.
>Differentiate among various types of optical discs: CDs, archive     discs and Picture CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs.
>Identify the uses of tape, magnetic stripe cards, smart cards,             microfilm and microfiche, and enterprise storage.

Storage :- 
>Storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use.

>A storage medium is the physical material on which a computer       keeps data, instructions, and information.
>Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold.
>A storage device is the computer hardware that records and/or         retrieves items to and from storage media.

Hard Disk :- 
>A hard disk contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that     use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information.

>

Flash Memory Storage :-

>Flash memory chips are a type of solid state media and contain no   moving parts.

>Solid state drives (SSDs) have several advantages over magnetic     hard disks.

*Faster access time.

*Faster transfer rates.

*Generate less heat and consume less power.

*Last longer.

>A memory card is a removable flash memory device that you           insert and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or         card reader/writer.

>USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile       device.

Cloud Storage:-

>Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer users.

>Users subscribe to cloud storage for a variety of reasons:-

*Access files from any computer.

*Store large files instantaneously.

*Allow others to access their files.

*View time-critical data and images immediately.

*Store offsite backups.

*Provide data center functions.

Optical Discs:- 

>An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of         metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser.

Other types of Storage Devices :-  

>Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing    large amounts of data and information.

>A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a tape.

>A magnetic stripe card contains a magnetic stripe that stores           information.

>A smart card stores data on a thin microprocessor embedded in     the card.

>Microfilm and microfiche store microscopic images of documents   on a roll or sheet film.

Summary:- 

>Various storage media and storage devices.

>Internal hard disks, external and removable hard disks, solid state   drives, memory cards, USB flash drives, ExpressCard modules,       cloud storage, CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs, tape, smart cards,     and microfilm and microfiche.

.

Chapter 7

Understanding Input 

Objectives :-

>Describe the types of output.
>Explain the characteristics of various display devices.
>Describe the factors that affect the quality of an LCD monitor or     LCD screen.
>Describe various ways to print.

>Differentiate between a nonimpact printer and an impact printer.
>Summarize the characteristics of ink-jet printers, photo printers,       laser printers, multifunction peripherals, thermal printers, mobile     printers, label and postage printers, and plotters and large-format     printers.
>Describe the uses and characteristics of speakers, headphones, and   earbuds.

>Identify the purpose and features of data projectors, interactive         whiteboards, and force-feedback game controllers and tactile           output.

Output:-

>Output is data that has been processed into a useful form.

>An output device is any type of hardware component that conveys   information to one or more people.

Display Devices :- 

>A display device visually conveys text, graphics, and video             information.

>A monitor is packaged as a separate peripheral.

  -LCD monitor.

  -Widescreen.

>Liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present       information on a display device.

>The quality of an LCD monitor or LCD screen depends primarily   on.

-Resolution

-Response time

-Brightness

-Dot pitch

-Contrast ratio

>Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a         display device.

 -A higher resolution uses a greater number of pixels.

>The graphics processing unit (GPU) controls the manipulation and   display of graphics on a display device.

>LCD monitors use a digital signal and should plug into a DVI         port, an HDMI port, or a DisplayPort.

>Plasma monitors are display devices that use gas plasma                   technology and offer screen sizes up to 150 inches.

>Televisions also are a good output device.

-require a converter if you are connecting your computer to an          analog television.

>Digital television (DTV) offers a crisper, higher-quality output.

>HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television.

>A CRT monitor is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray     tube.

 -have a much larger footprint than do LCD monitors.

Printers :- 

A printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium.
-Printed information is called a hard copy, or printout.
-Landscape or portrait orientation.

Types of Printers :- 

>An ink-jet printer forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper.
-Color or black-and-white.

-Printers with a higher dpi (dots per inch) produce a higher quality     output.

>A photo printer produces color photo-lab-quality pictures.

>A multifunction peripheral (MFP) is a single device that prints, scans, copies, and in some cases, faxes.

-Sometimes called an all-in-one device.

>A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically             heated pins against the heat-sensitive paper.

>A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-powered printer   that allows a mobile user to print from a notebook computer,           smart phone, or other mobile device.

>A label printer is a small printer that prints on adhesive-type           material.

Speakers,Headphones and Earbuds :-

>An audio output device produces music, speech, or other sounds.

>Headphones are speakers that cover or are placed outside of the       ear.

>Earbuds (also called earphones) rest inside the ear canal.

Summary :- 

*Various methods of output.

*Several commonly used output devices.

*Display devices, printers, speakers, headphones, earbuds, data         projectors, interactive whiteboards, force-feedback game                 controllers, and tactile output.

Chapter 6

Oooo so sorry for the late post hehe....

Understanding Input :~

*Define input and differentiate among a program, command, and user response
*Identify the keys and buttons commonly found on desktop computer keyboards, and describe how       keyboards for mobile computers and devices differ from desktop computers keyboards
*Describe different mouse types and explain how to use a mouse
*Describe various types of touch screens and explain how a touch-sensitive pad work
*Describe various types of pen input, and identify other types of input for smart phones
*Summarise the purpose of various game controllers
*Explain how resolution affects the quality of a picture captured on a digital camera
*Describe the uses of voice recognition, Web cams, and video conferencing
*Discuss how various scanners and reading devices work
*Summarise the various biometric devices
*Discuss how POS terminals, automated teller machines, and DVD kiosks work
*Identify alternative input devices for physically challenged users

What is an Input ? 

*Instructions can be entered into the computer in the form of programs, commands, and user                 responses

The Keyboard :~

*Keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer.

*Most desktop computer keyboards have…

*Between 101 and 105 keys

         *A numeric keypad on the right side of the keyboard

         *Function keys, CTRL keys, ALT keys, and arrow keys

         *WINDOWS key

         *APPLICATION key

*Toggle keys 

Mouse :~

*A mouse is a device that enables the users to point the arrow on their desktop screen to open or        select a certain file or task.

           **disclaimer** :~ the mouse isn't an actual mice,but this is too cute >.< 

Touchscreen :~ 

*A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device.

Pen Input :~  

*Pen input is when you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write, draw, or make       selections.

Game Controllers :~ 

*Video games and computer games uses a game controller as the input device that directs            movements and actions of on-screen objects.

Examples of Game Controllers :~ 

         

          *Gamepads

          *Joysticks and Wheels

          *Light guns

          *Dance Pads
          *Motion-sensing controllers

             

          Digital Camera:~   

A      *Digital camera is a mobile device that allows users to take pictures and store them digitally.

         *Two factors affect the quality of digital camera photos

          

          ~Resolution

     Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device

     A pixel is the smallest element in an electronic display

       

          ~Number of bits stored in each pixel

     Each pixel consists of one or more bits of data

     The more bits used to represent a pixel, the more colors and shades of gray that can be represented

Voice Input :~

        *Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a microphone

        *Voice recognition is the computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words

Video Input :~ 

        *Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on a computer’s storage   medium

*A Web cam is a type of digital video camera that enables a user to

              *Capture video and still images

              *Send e-mail messages with video attachments

              *Add live images to instant messages

              *Broadcast live images over the Internet

              *Make video telephone calls

Scanners and Reading Devices :~

       *Optical character recognition (OCR) involves reading characters from ordinary documents

       *A turnaround document is a document you return to the company that creates and sends 

       *Optical mark recognition (OMR) reads hand-drawn marks such as small circles or rectangles

An  *OMR device scans the documents and matches the patterns of light

       *A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to read bar codes

*     *RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to  an object

       *An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves 

       *RFID can track:-

         

          Tracking times of runners in a marathon

          Tracking location of soldiers

          Employee wardrobes

          Airline baggage

          Checking lift tickets of skiers

          Managing inventory

          Gauging pressure and temperature of tires

          Checking out library books

          Tracking toll payments

Biometric Input :~ 

*Biometrics authenticates a person’s identity by verifying a personal characteristic

>Fingerprint reader
>Face recognition system
>Hand geometry system
>Voice verification system
>Signature verification system
>Iris recognition system
>Retinal scanners

Terminals :~  


*A terminal is a computer that allows users to send data to and/or receive information from a host         computer.
For example,
>A POS terminal records purchases, processes payment, and updates inventory
>An automated teller machine (ATM) allows users to access their bank accounts
>A DVD kiosk is a self-service DVD rental machine

Summary :~ 

*Various techniques of entering input.

*Several commonly used input devices.

*Keyboard, mouse, and other pointing devices; touch screens, pen input, other input for smart               phones, game controllers, digital cameras, voice input, video input, scanners and reading devices,       biometric input, and terminals.

*Input devices for physically challenged users.