Objectives:-
*Differentiate between machine and assembly languages.
*Identify and discuss the purpose of procedural programming languages, and describe the features of C and COBOL.
*Identify and discuss the characteristics of these object-oriented programming languages and program development tools.
*Identify the uses of other programming languages and program development tools.
*Describe various ways to develop Web pages.
*Identify the uses of popular multimedia authoring programs.
*List the six steps in the program development life cycle.
*Differentiate between structured design and object-oriented design
*Explain the basic control structures and design tools used in designing solutions to programming problems.
Computer Programs and Programming Languages:-
>A computer program is a series of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks.
*created by a programmer using a programming language.
Low Level Languages:-
*Machine language is the first generation of programming languages.
*Only language the computer directly recognizes.
*Assembly language is the second generation of programming languages.
*Programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes.
*A source program contains the code to be converted to machine language.
Procedural Languages :-
>In a procedural language, the programmer writes instructions that tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it.
*Third-generation language (3GL).
>The C programming language is used to write many of today’s programs.
>COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) is designed for business applications, but easy to read because of the English-like statements.
Object-Oriented Programming Languages and Program Development Tools :-
>An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing objects
>Other advantages include:-
*Objects can be reused.
*Programmers create applications faster.
*Work well in a RAD environment.
*Most program development tools are IDEs.
>Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems.
>The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler converts the bytecode into machine-dependent code.
>The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any type of program to run on the Internet or an internal business network, as well as computers and mobile devices.
>C++ is an extension of the C programming language.
>C# is based on C++ and was developed by Microsoft.
>F# combines the benefits of an object-oriented language with those of a functional language.
>PowerBuilder is a powerful program development RAD tool.
>Best suited for Web-based, .NET, and large-scale enterprise object-oriented applications.
Other Programming Languages and Development Tools:-
>A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a nonprocedural language that enables users and programmers to access data in a database.
*one popular 4GL is SQL.
>An application generator is a program that creates source code or machine code from a specification of the required functionality.
*often bundled as part of a DBMS.
>A macro is a series of statements that instructs an application how to complete a task.
>You usually create the macro in one of two ways:
*Record the macro with a macro recorder.
*Write the macro.
Web Page Development:-
>HTML is a special formatting language that programmers use to format documents for display on the Web.
>XHTML is a markup language that allows Web sites to be displayed more easily on mobile devices.
>XML allows Web developers to create customized tags and use predefined tags to display content appropriately on various devices.
*WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages for microbrowsers.
>Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM.
>Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or ActiveX controls using a variety of languages:-
*JavaScript.
*Perl.
*PHP.
*Rexx.
*Tcl.
*VBScript.
>Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for users to:-
*Share personal information.
*Allow users to modify Web site content.
*Have application software built into the site.
>Web page authoring software can create sophisticated Web pages that include images, video, audio, animation, and other effects.
Multimedia Program Development:-
>Multimedia authoring software allows programmers to combine text, graphics, animation, audio, and video in an interactive presentation.
Program Development:-
>Program development consists of a series of steps programmers use to build computer programs.
Step 1-Analyze Requirements
>To initiate program development, programmer:-
*Reviews the requirements.
*Meets with the systems analyst and users.
*Identifies input, processing, and output.
-IPO chart.
Step 2-Design Solution
>Design a solution algorithm.
>In structured design, the programmer typically begins with a general design and moves toward a more detailed design.
>Programmers use a hierarchy chart to show program modules graphically.
>With object-oriented (OO) design, the programmer packages the data and the program into a single object.
*Encapsulation.
>The sequence control structure shows one or more actions following each other in order.
>The selection control structure tells the program which action to take, based on a certain condition.
>A program flowchart graphically shows the logic in a solution algorithm.
>Flowcharting software makes it easy to modify and update flowcharts.
*SmartDraw.
*Visio.
>Pseudocode uses a condensed form of English to convey program logic.
Step 3-Validating Design
>Check for logic errors using test data
Step 4-Implement Design
>Implementation of the design includes using a program development tool that assists the programmer by:
-Generating or providing some or all code.
-Writing the code that translates the design into a computer program.
-Creating the user interface.
>Extreme programming is a strategy where programmers immediately begin coding and testing solutions as soon as requirements are defined.
Step 5-Test Solution
>Errors include syntax errors and logic errors.
>Debugging the program involves removing the bugs.
>A beta is a program that has most or all of its features and functionality implemented.
Step 6-Document Solution
>In documenting the solution, the programmer performs two activities.
*Review the program code
*Review all the documentation
Summary:-
*Various programming languages used to create computer programs.
*A variety of Web development and multimedia development tools.
*Steps in the program development life cycle and tools used to make this process efficient.
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